How do you encrypt sensitive data?

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Encrypting sensitive data = combining strong cryptography with solid key management and secure transport.

1. Classify & scope
   • Identify what’s sensitive (PII, credentials, card data). Minimize storage; tokenize when possible.

2. In transit (always)
   • Use TLS 1.2+ (prefer 1.3). Disable weak ciphers. Pin certificates where appropriate (mobile).
   • For APIs, require HTTPS-only; add HSTS.

3. At rest
   • Use AES-256 GCM (authenticated encryption). Store IV/nonces uniquely per encrypt.
   • On mobile/desktop, use platform keystores (Android Keystore, iOS Keychain).
   • For DBs/files, prefer built-in encryption (TDE) plus app-level field encryption for the most sensitive fields.

4. Passwords & secrets
   • Never encrypt passwords—hash with Argon2id (or scrypt/PBKDF2) + unique salt; set high work factor.
   • API keys/DB creds live in a secrets manager (AWS KMS/Secrets Manager, Azure Key Vault, GCP KMS, HashiCorp Vault), not in code or env files committed to VCS.

5. Key management
   • Generate keys from CSPRNG; rotate regularly; separate encrypt/decrypt roles (least privilege).
   • Protect master keys with HSM/KMS; log and audit access.
   • Backup keys securely; plan for revocation/rotation.

6. Integrity & authenticity
   • Prefer AEAD modes (GCM/ChaCha20-Poly1305). For detached verification, use digital signatures (Ed25519/ECDSA).

7. Asymmetric use cases
   • Use RSA-OAEP or ECIES to wrap (encrypt) symmetric keys; use TLS for exchange. Don’t encrypt large payloads asymmetrically.

8. Implementation rules
   • Use vetted libs (libsodium, BoringSSL/OpenSSL, JCE/BouncyCastle, NaCl).
   • Don’t roll your own crypto. Unique nonces/IVs, constant-time comparisons, secure erase of key material.

9. Ops & compliance
   • Monitor, audit, and test; enable FIPS/PCI/HIPAA controls as required.

Bottom line: encrypt everywhere, manage keys professionally, and use modern, authenticated primitives.

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