How do you prevent XSS and CSRF attacks?
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Preventing XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) is vital for web app security. Both exploit weaknesses in client–server interaction, but they differ in nature.
🔹 Preventing XSS (injecting malicious scripts)
Input Validation & Output Encoding
Escape special characters (<, >, ", ') before rendering.
Use frameworks/libraries that auto-escape (e.g., React JSX).
Content Security Policy (CSP)
Restrict allowed scripts (e.g., only from trusted domains).
Avoid eval() and inline scripts
Prevent execution of injected code.
Sanitize user input
Use libraries like OWASP Java Encoder, DOMPurify.
🔹 Preventing CSRF (unauthorized requests via user session)
CSRF Tokens
Generate unique, unpredictable tokens per user session.
Validate token on each state-changing request.
Example (Spring Security auto-handles):
http.csrf().enable();
SameSite Cookies
Set cookies with SameSite=Strict or Lax to block cross-origin requests.
Double Submit Cookies
Send token in both cookie & request header; compare on server.
Use Authentication Best Practices
Prefer JWT with short expiration for stateless APIs.
Avoid relying solely on cookies for sensitive APIs.
✅ Summary
XSS → sanitize/encode inputs, enforce CSP, block inline scripts.
CSRF → use CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, and secure session handling.
👉 In short, XSS is about preventing malicious script injection, while CSRF is about preventing unauthorized actions using a valid session.
Would you like me to also create a quick comparison table (XSS vs CSRF) for easy interview recall?
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