What is the difference between require and import in Node.js?
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The main difference between require and import in Node.js lies in their underlying module systems, syntax, and loading mechanisms.
Module System
require uses the CommonJS module system, the traditional standard in Node.js.
import uses the ES6 (ECMAScript) Module system, the modern JavaScript standard adopted in recent Node.js and browser environments.
Syntax and Usage
require: Uses the syntax
const module = require('module-name'), can be called anywhere in code (including inside functions or conditionals).import: Uses
import module from 'module-name'and is typically placed at the top of the file (static imports); only dynamic imports (import('module')) can be used conditionally or inside functions.
Loading Behavior
require loads modules synchronously—the code waits for the module to load before continuing.
import (static import) loads modules asynchronously; dynamic import (
import()) is always async and returns a Promise.
Exports
require reads values exported via
module.exportsorexports(single export object).import supports both default and named exports, offering more flexibility.
Compatibility and Configuration
require is supported by default in Node.js and works out-of-the-box.
import requires adding
"type": "module"inpackage.jsonor using the.mjsfile extension in Node.js projects.
When to Use
Use require for legacy Node.js codebases and when dynamic or conditional importing is needed.
Use import for modern code, front-end frameworks, tree-shaking and when targeting ES modules in new projects.
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